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The forensic serology and biology is one of the crucial discipline in the field of forensic sciences. Generally, the forensic serology deals with the analysis of blood, serum, saliva, semen, hair
and other bodily fluids to establish the relationship of the perpetrator to the crime scene. The major concern of forensic serologists to collect the biological evidence present at the crime scene in an adequate way preventing them from contamination.
Blood is one of the crucial evidences and can be commonly found at the crime scene like murder, vehicular accidents, sexual assaults etc. The forensic serologists must answer the following questions at the time of examining blood, blood stain or smears:
1) Is it blood or not?
2) Is it human blood or originate from any other species?
3) If it’s human blood then how closely it can be related to the particular individual?
The preliminary step to examine whether it’s a blood or not, various colour tests are carried out by specialised forensic at the crime scene.
The phenolphthalein test is based on the haemoglobin pigment present in blood which possess peroxidase like activity. The phenolphthalein reagent and hydrogen peroxidase mixture are applied on the bloodstain, thus causes the formation of deep pink colour. The change in colour indicates the presence of blood.
The luminol test is the most sensitive test to detect bloodstains. The bloodstain shows fluorescence instead of producing colour. The luminol reagent is sprayed on the suspected areas, the emission of light can be viewed and thus bloodstain will produce a faint blue glow.
The confirmatory test is performed in the laboratories to determine whether it’s a human blood or not. One of the confirmatory test for origin of species is precipitin test carried out on bloodstain. The precipitin test involves the reaction of antiserum with the corresponding antigen. Another version of precipitin test is the Gel Diffusion method. The extracted bloodstain antigen and human antiserum is placed at different holes opposite to each other. The line of precipitate forms when antigen and antiserum meet, thus confirming the presence of human blood. The precipitin test gives best result even the blood stain is 10-15 years older.
– Ravshish Kaur Kohli
(M.Sc. -Forensic Science), Amity University
Forensic serology is the scientific examination of body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, sweat, urine, and vaginal fluids for investigative purposes. It primarily focuses on:
Detection: Identifying the presence of bodily fluids at a crime scene.
Characterization: Determining the type of fluid and its origin.
Preservation: Ensuring the evidence is uncontaminated for further analysis.
Key Techniques in Forensic Serology:
Presumptive and Confirmatory Tests for blood, semen, and saliva.
Microscopic Examination to identify cellular components.
Enzyme and Protein Analysis to determine the biological source.
Forensic biology extends beyond body fluids to include DNA profiling, hair analysis, tissue examination, and microbial studies. It provides a molecular-level identification of individuals and even species, making it highly valuable in both criminal and civil cases.
Key Components of Forensic Biology:
DNA Fingerprinting: Establishing genetic profiles for suspect identification.
Hair and Fiber Analysis: Linking individuals to a location or object.
Touch DNA Analysis: Recovering genetic material from skin cells left on surfaces.
Microbial Forensics: Studying microorganisms that could indicate time since death or contamination sources.
Forensic serology and biology help answer crucial investigative questions such as:
Was a specific person present at the crime scene?
Did the suspect come into contact with the victim?
Can we link multiple crime scenes together?
Examples of Applications:
Homicide Cases: Blood spatter analysis to determine the sequence of events.
Sexual Assault Investigations: Semen and vaginal fluid detection for DNA profiling.
Burglary & Robbery Cases: Saliva from bite marks or cigarette butts linked to the suspect.
Missing Persons Identification: DNA analysis from bone or hair samples.
At Brilliant Forensic Investigation, we use internationally recognized protocols and state-of-the-art technology to handle sensitive biological evidence:
High-Sensitivity DNA Kits for low-copy number samples.
Automated Extraction Systems for contamination-free processing.
Fluorescent and Chemiluminescent Tests for trace body fluids.
Expert Court Testimony from certified forensic biologists.
We ensure chain-of-custody integrity, maintaining the highest standards so that evidence is admissible and defensible in court.
While highly accurate, the field is not without challenges:
Degraded Samples: Environmental conditions can break down DNA.
Mixed DNA Profiles: In cases with multiple contributors, analysis becomes complex.
Contamination Risks: Strict protocols are required to prevent cross-contamination.
Time Sensitivity: Biological evidence must be collected promptly to preserve quality.
Forensic Serology and Biology remain at the forefront of solving crimes, exonerating the innocent, and delivering justice. By analyzing the most microscopic traces of biological evidence, experts can uncover the hidden truth behind even the most complex cases.
At Brilliant Forensic Investigation, we blend scientific precision with investigative expertise, ensuring that every drop, cell, and fiber tells its story in the pursuit of truth.
Are you interested in learning more about forensic expert or seeking professional forensic-expert services? Contact us today to inquire about our expertise.
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🌐 Visit Our Website: https://forensicexpertinvestigation.com/
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